Despite the fact that laboratory work is done in a seemingly endless amount of fields, with often vastly different equipment and varying goals, there are some generalized standard laboratory procedures to be followed no matter the nature of the work. Individual laboratories will likely have specific testing methods or standard operation procedures (SOPs) that both complement and enhance general operations.
意義 (Significance), implementing guidelines for lab work is done for different reasons. A primary goal of standard operating procedures is to ensure human safety and protect equipment as well as chemicals from being mishandled. Maintaining standards for quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC), so that valid data may be obtained is also a significant goal of standard procedures. Individual tests may have different and specific QA/QC procedures.
労働安全衛生管理 (Standard OSHA Procedures), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration set standards to protect both workers and the public from potentially dangerous practices. There are specific requirements dealing with labs that use chemicals. As part of these requirements, as stated in OSHA standards 29CFR, there are specific action levels based on the concentration of exposure to a particular chemical that kick in other requirements such as medical monitoring.
精度(Accuracy), it’s a component of QA/QC monitoring, which basically means the ability of a test to give data that is correct. When considering accuracy it is useful to think of a bull’s eye. An arrow that hits the middle of the bull’s-eye is completely accurate. Using known values of a substance to make sure they indeed exhibit these values when tested is a method to determine accuracy. This is mathematically calculated as tested value--known value/ known value x100= the percentage of error.
精密(Precision), tracking precision is also a necessary part of QA/QC and standard laboratory procedures. Precision is sometimes referred to as the "repeatability" of a test. Going back to the bull’s eye analogy, a grouping of arrows in any part of the target is displaying precision. If the grouping is outside of the center of the target, the arrows are still precise but are not accurate. Mathematically, precision can be represented by the relative percent difference of samples. This is done by taking sample one-sample two, dividing this by the mean of the two samples and multiplying by 100.
考慮(Considerations), while each individual experiment generally has its own SOP which will guide the tester through the procedure, it is often necessary that the tester be qualified in order to follow the steps correctly. As pointed out by the California EPA Air Resources Board SOPs are often written so that an experienced technician can get the same results as would another experienced technician. Attention to detail and the ability to follow directions is a must for any lab technician.
Moreover, to achieve those standards, at least there is knowledge of test equipments used in research. So, it becomes a must to study and understand their manual or instruction book, before doing the research. Specifically, in order to conduct a research in magnetic nano-material development field, because there are many types of equipment needed to obtain some valid data, such as PPMS (Physical Properties Measurement System), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), TEM (Transmission electron Microscope), AFM (Atomic Force Microscope), FIB (Focused Ion Beam), VSM (Vibrating Sample Magnetometer) etc, researcher must know how they work and how they can be safely operated.
PPMS  | SEM  |
TEM  | AFM  |
FIB  | VSM  |
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